Real Corporations and What the Textbooks Say
Most corporations formed today are small businesses. In fact,
many only have one person as the sole shareholder, director,
and officer. The main reasons for people to incorporate today
are liability protection and tax advantages which can only
be gained through the corpora y. In this section we
will look at the liability protection incorporating can offer.
We'll also take a look at why many accountants, and even lawyers,
give fatally flawed advice like, "don't incorporate until
you're making at least $50,000 a year." Then we'll look
at the myths and misconceptions such advice is founded upon.
When you are through with this information you'll know why
to incorporate. Plus, you'll know how to get protection and
savings most people only wish for.
Incorporating is the Key to Limited Liability and Personal
Protection
As you know, a corporation is a legal person. As a legal
person it is separate from its stockholders, its officers,
its directors, and its employees. This means if a corporation
is sued, all it can lose is what it has. People who sue the
corporation cannot attach the assets of the individual Shareholder.
The corporation limits the liability of the individual person
who is associated with it to the extent of his actual investment
in the company.
Let's say you set up a corporation, a legal person. Let's
say you put $10,000 into that separate legal person in exchange
for stock. You now own stock in the corporation and the corporation
has $10,000. Now let's say the corporation you formed takes
$7,000 and buys a vehicle to use in the corporate business.
Let's say it takes the rest of the money and hires an employee.
You tell your corporate employee to take the corporate vehicle
and go run an errand. Your trusty employee goes out with the
corporate vehicle and proceeds to run over someone. Now you
have a problem, because the negligence of that employee will
be imputed to the corporation. It almost always is, and you
will probably be no exception.
The good news is you can rest a lot easier than many people
in this situation, because you had the foresight to incorporate
your business. All that you have at risk is the $7,000 car
and a couple of thousand dollars in cash. Not bad when you
consider all of your personal assets would be on the line
otherwise.
A wrongful death lawsuit such as the one that would result
in our example could easily run into millions of dollars,
exceeding insurance policy limitations and coverage. A lawsuit
like this would ruin most people; Incorporation is needed
protection. We cannot urge people strongly enough to be prepared.
Prepare for the worse, and hope for the best. There are also
lawsuits that come from employees to consider, such as wrongful
termination, discrimination or sexual harassment.
There are customers who could sue for service failures, loss
profits, damage to reputation, slander, and more. There are
suppliers who could sue, people who just walk across your
yard and slip or step into a hole, can sue. The possibilities
go on and on.
Do These Lawsuits Happen In Your World?
According to the National Center for State Courts over 15,000
civil suites are filed in some years. This trend is continuing.
According to Jack Farls, President of the National Federation
of Independent Businesses, in an article printed in "The
Chronicle" of Centralia, Washington on May 19, 1995,
"the toll of just one lawsuit can be so great that guilty
or innocent, many firms shut their doors, lay-off their employees
and vanish into legal graveyards." Everyone knows about
the famous multi-million dollar McDonald's hot coffee suit.
In the months since that jury award, dozens of similar suits
have been filed against restaurant owners.
Sexual harassment is more and more a danger faced by small
businesses. Recently, Wal-mart was on the receiving end of
a $50 million sexual harassment verdict from a Jefferson City,
Missouri jury.
Still other outrageous lawsuits fill today's newspapers.
According to an article in the Harrington, Texas "Valley
Morning Star" from August 7, 1995, a Texas Wal-mart store
was charged with a $5.5 million jury verdict because it allegedly
sold .22 caliber bullets to a 19 year old teen, who put them
into a pistol that was accidentally discharged on a fishing
trip.
Even more outrageous is the case involving an Alabama physician
who purchased a brand new black BMW. The physician took the
BMW into a body shop to have it "gussied up" and
the body shop discovered that the car had been previously
painted. Since it had been slightly damaged in shipment, BMW
repainted the car. The physician, doing what seems to be all
the rage, sued BMW and as a result won $4,000 in compensatory
damages and $4 million in punitive damages because his car
had been painted twice. The examples of ridiculous and outrageous
lawsuits go on and on. The fact of life in the 90s is that
this trend is real and it could happen to you.
The courts are full of real life examples of huge lawsuits.
If you are unincorporated and you fire an employee, or just
get one upset, you could be facing a lawsuit for wrongful
termination and/or intentional infliction of emotional distress,
emotional damage, breach of covenant of good faith and fair
dealing, and on and on. The lawsuit could not only take business
assets but personal assets of yours as well. Incorporating
would limit your liability and protect you.
It's a risky world out there in business. incorporating does
not eliminate lawsuits, but it cuts down on a person's deep
pockets. Generally, all an incorporated business risks is
"what' is in the that corporation". The personal
assets of Shareholders are not at risk, valuable protection
in a litigious, dangerous world.
Why should a business person risk all of his own assets he
has spent a lifetime building up? Why should he risk his family's
welfare? There's no good reason, especially when they can
do a simple thing like incorporating to limit their exposure.
It's such a simple, economical process and yet it's overlooked
so often or put off until it's too late.
Two Corporations for Liability Protection (Double Your
Protection)?
If one corporation is good, are two corporations better?
Many times yes. As the litigation explosion heats up, many
business people are finding that with two corporations they
can separate their risks and minimize their lawsuit exposure.
Let's say you have two business locations. Put them into
separate corporations and run each as a separa y. This
has the desirable effect of limiting the potential for loss
in any one business location to that one location. The other
business locations are not at risk. Other business people
go even further. They'll set up two corporations, one corporation
which conducts a certain business enterprise, and the other
business which leases it a great deal of its assets. The chances
of the leasing corporation being sued are slim since its main
customer is the other corporation which you still own. If
the lessee corporation is sued, while there are some assets
at risk the bulk of the assets are owned by another company
that is not subject to the suit.
Also consider the possibility of putting different assets
into different corporations to spread out the risk. For example,
let's say you own multiple apartment buildings. Put each apartment
building into a separate corporation, that way, if a tenant
living in one apartment building sues, that suit is brought
against the corporation that only owns one apartment building.
Only one apartment building is at risk and the others are
secure. When you consider it, this is like buying awfully
cheap insurance that will protect your assets.
What About Off-Shore Corporations?
The is a growing interest in the U.S. concerning the use
of offshore corporations, banking and money strategies. The
reasons are fundamental:
1. The increasingly litigious nature of our society,
2. An evident decrease respect for personal property and
3. An ever growing erosion of personal, business and financial
privacy.
Structured properly, the utilization of a foreign corporation
for your existing business needs can greatly advance your
business interests and provide many legal means by which you
can reclaim your rights and begin to live a more private,
secure and financially rewarding life.
In recent years, Caribbean jurisdictions have taken the lead
as the most attractive and convenient offshore corporate domiciles.
The support of their governments in development and administration
provides the international business owner and investor with
total cooperation and, in many cases, a very favorable tax
climate specifically structured to attract foreign investors.
The advantages of Nevis, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands
and the British Virgin Islands provide for a stable, convenient
and discreet domicile to carry out business activity when
the use of an offshore tax haven would be beneficial or necessary.
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